By November, the Bangladesh forces restricted the Pakistani military to its barracks during the night. The nascent Bangladesh Air Force flew sorties against Pakistani military bases. Bengali guerrillas carried out widespread sabotage, including Operation Jackpot against the Pakistan Navy. The Pakistan Army regained momentum in the monsoon. They liberated numerous towns and cities in the initial months of the conflict. Osmani and eleven sector commanders, the Bangladesh Forces waged a mass guerrilla war against the Pakistani military. The East Bengal Regiment and the East Pakistan Rifles played a crucial role in the resistance. The Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence was broadcast from Chittagong by members of the Mukti Bahini-the national liberation army formed by Bengali military, paramilitary and civilians. An academic consensus prevails that the atrocities committed by the Pakistani military were a genocide. Sectarian violence broke out between Bengalis and Urdu-speaking immigrants. An estimated 10 million Bengali refugees fled to neighbouring India, while 30 million were internally displaced. The capital Dhaka was the scene of numerous massacres, including Operation Searchlight and the Dhaka University massacre. Members of the Pakistani military and supporting militias engaged in mass murder, deportation and genocidal rape. Urdu-speaking Biharis in Bangladesh (an ethnic minority) were also in support of Pakistani military. The Pakistan Army, which had the backing of Islamists, created radical religious militias-the Razakars, Al-Badr and Al-Shams-to assist it during raids on the local populace. Rural and urban areas across East Pakistan saw extensive military operations and air strikes to suppress the tide of civil disobedience that formed following the 1970 election stalemate. The war ended on 16 December 1971 when the military forces of West Pakistan that were in Bangladesh surrendered in what remains to date the largest surrender of soldiers since the Second World War. The junta annulled the results of the 1970 elections and arrested Prime minister-designate Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. It pursued the systematic annihilation of nationalist Bengali civilians, students, intelligentsia, religious minorities and armed personnel. The war began when the Pakistani military junta based in West Pakistan under the orders of Yahya Khan launched Operation Searchlight against the people of East Pakistan on the night of 25 March 1971, initiating the Bangladesh genocide. The Bangladesh Liberation War ( Bengali: মুক্তিযুদ্ধ, pronounced ), also known as the Bangladesh War of Independence, or simply the Liberation War in Bangladesh, was a revolution and armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement in erstwhile East Pakistan which resulted in the independence of Bangladesh. (Second-in-Command, Bangladesh Forces) V. ( Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh) ( President of the Provisional Government of Bangladesh) East Pakistan secedes from Pakistan as the People's Republic of Bangladesh
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